Diwali: Heritage and Harmony

Diwali, also known as Deepavali, is one of the most important and widely celebrated festivals in India. Observed primarily by Hindus, it is also celebrated by Jains and Sikhs, though for different religious reasons. On the Gregorian calendar, Diwali usually falls between late October and early November. According to the Hindu lunisolar calendar, it begins on the thirteenth day of the month of Ashvina and typically lasts for five days. The word Deepavali comes from the Sanskrit terms dīpa (lamp) and āvali (row), meaning “row of lights.”

In Hindu tradition, Diwali symbolizes the triumph of light over darkness and good over evil. People celebrate by lighting small clay lamps called diyas, which are filled with oil and placed around homes, temples, and streets. It is believed that lighting diyas invites the presence of Goddess Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth and prosperity. The celebration also marks the beginning of a new financial year for many Hindu businesses, symbolizing renewal and prosperity.

The history and stories behind Diwali differ across regions of India. In northern India, it honors Lord Rama’s return to Ayodhya after defeating the demon king Ravana, as told in the Ramayana. In western India, it celebrates Lord Krishna’s victory over the demon Narakasura, while in southern India, it is associated with Lord Vishnu’s defeat of the demon king Bali.

Traditionally, each day of the festival has its own meaning and customs. The first day, Dhanteras, is associated with purchasing gold and other valuables as a sign of good fortune. The second day, known as Naraka Chaturdashi or Choti Diwali, focuses on prayer and cleansing rituals. The third and main day, Lakshmi Puja, is dedicated to worshipping Goddess Lakshmi and lighting diyas throughout homes and temples. The fourth day, often called Govardhan Puja or Padwa, varies in meaning across regions and may celebrate the bond between spouses or honor Lord Krishna. The final day, Bhai Dooj, celebrates the relationship between brothers and sisters, similar to Raksha Bandhan.

In western culture, it is uncommon for Indian- Americans to understand or acknowledge the true history of Diwali, and the celebrations do not occur to the extent they would in certain regions of India.

For Jains, Diwali marks the anniversary of Lord Mahavira’s attainment of nirvana, while Sikhs observe the day as Bandi Chhor Divas, commemorating Guru Hargobind Sahib’s release from imprisonment.

Beyond religion, Diwali is a cultural celebration that brings families and communities together. Homes are decorated with lights and colorful rangoli designs, fireworks illuminate the night sky, and families exchange gifts and share traditional sweets such as laddoos, barfis, and gulab jamuns. The festival continues to represent joy, prosperity, and the enduring victory of light over darkness.